盐穴储氢因其良好的密闭性、大容量和低运营成本等优势, 已成为具工程化前景的大规模地下储氢方式之一。然而, 盐穴在长期运行中受高频次注采循环、复杂地质条件及氢气强扩散特性影响, 面临围岩失稳与氢气泄漏等突出风险, 其稳定性与密封性直接关系到储氢系统的安全可靠性。本文从地质条件、洞室几何特性与运行参数三个维度, 系统梳理了影响盐穴长期稳定性的关键机制与评价方法, 综述了氢气在层状盐岩中的主要渗漏路径及密封性评价方法, 指出现有研究在多场 (流-固-化-热) 耦合、动态泄漏识别等方面的不足, 并对未来研究方向进行展望, 以期为储氢盐穴的安全设计与工程应用提供理论参考。 

Hydrogen storage in salt caverns, with advantages such as excellent sealing performance, large capacity, and low operating costs, has emerged as one of the most promising large-scale underground hydrogen storage methods with potential for engineering applications. However, during long-term operation, salt caverns are subjected to high-frequency injection-withdrawal cycles, complex geological conditions, and the high diffusivity of hydrogen, leading to significant risks such as surrounding rock instability and hydrogen leakage. The stability and sealing integrity of salt caverns are directly related to the safety and reliability of the hydrogen storage system. From three dimensions—geological conditions, cavern geometric characteristics, and operational parameters—this paper systematically reviews the key mechanisms and evaluation methods influencing the long-term stability of salt caverns. It summarizes the main leakage pathways of hydrogen in bedded salt rock and the corresponding sealing evaluation methods, points out current research gaps in areas such as multi-field coupling (fluid-solid-chemical-thermal) and dynamic leakage identification, and provides an outlook on future research directions, aiming to offer theoretical references for the safe design and engineering application of hydrogen storage in salt caverns.