在长期服役过程中, 混凝土在冻融循环、氯盐侵蚀、碳化、硫酸盐侵蚀及干湿交替等因素作用下, 易发生微观孔结构劣化、微裂缝扩展及钢筋锈蚀等内部损伤, 进而引发开裂剥落、强度下降等宏观病害, 最终导致混凝土结构承载力与使用寿命衰减, 显著增加后期维护成本与碳排放。因此, 提高混凝土耐久性对于保障工程结构的安全性与可持续性具有重要意义。提升混凝土耐久性的关键在于材料本征性能调控, 通过优化原材料组成与配合比、合理使用矿物掺合料、化学外加剂、改性纤维、纳米填料, 可有效改善水化产物与孔隙结构特征, 促进基体致密化, 降低传输性能, 增强材料对环境因素导致劣化的抵抗能力。本文系统梳理了近年来混凝土耐久性提升的研究进展, 重点评述材料组成优化、微结构调控机制及其与耐久性能之间的内在关联, 分析不同改性策略在延缓侵蚀与抑制劣化方面的作用机理, 为完善混凝土耐久性提升理论体系与工程应用提供参考。 

During long-term service, concrete is subjected to freeze-thaw cycles, chloride ingress, carbonation, sulfate attack, and wet-dry alternation, which readily induce internal damage, such as pore structure deterioration, microcrack propagation, and reinforcement corrosion. This subsequently leads to macroscopic defects including cracking, spalling, and strength reduction, ultimately resulting in the decline of the loadbearing capacity and service life of concrete structures, significantly increasing maintenance costs and carbon emissions. Therefore, improving the concrete durability is of great significance for ensuring the safety and sustainability of engineering structures. The key to improving concrete durability fundamentally lies in regulating the intrinsic properties of the material. By optimizing raw material composition and mix proportion, and by rationally using mineral admixtures, chemical admixtures, modified fibers, and nano-fillers, it is possible to effectively refine hydration products and pore structure characteristics, promote matrix densification, reduce transport properties, and enhance resistance to environmentally induced deterioration. This paper systematically reviews the recent research progress on improving concrete durability, with a focus on material composition optimization, microstructural regulation mechanisms, and their intrinsic relationship with durability performance. It analyzes the mechanisms by which different modification strategies delay erosion and suppress degradation, providing a reference for improving the theoretical system of concrete durability enhancement and its engineering applications.