混凝土性能调控方法浅析

孙祥瑞

(大连理工大学建设工程学院, 大连 116000)

摘要: 本文系统论述了现代混凝土性能调控中工作性、强度、耐久性、体积稳定性、经济性及环境友好性等多目标参数的动态博弈关系, 提出性能平衡调控理论作为解决核心矛盾的科学框架。通过组成-工艺-结构三层级协同优化模型, 揭示了混凝土材料在多尺度下的性能演变规律: 在组成层面, 通过水胶比精准控制与多元胶凝体系优化, 实现微观结构与宏观性能的耦合调控; 在工艺层面, 通过配合比多目标决策、智能化施工控制与全周期养护策略, 保障性能目标的实体转化; 在结构层面, 通过界面过渡区强化与孔隙结构优化, 破解性能劣化的关键问题。结合典型工程案例, 论证了高性能混凝土的本质是特定工程需求下的动态平衡解: “动态”在于不同的工程场景对混凝土性能的要求各不相同; “平衡解”即在相互制约的性能维度间找到一个最优的平衡点, 使得混凝土材料在满足主要性能要求的同时, 对次要性能进行必要的妥协, 从而实现结构全寿命周期的安全性与经济性统一。

关键词: 混凝土, 性能调控, 组成设计, 结构优化, 工艺控制

DOI: 10.48014/ems.20251112001

引用格式: 孙祥瑞. 混凝土性能调控方法浅析[J].工程材料与结构, 2025, 4(3): 82-91.

文章类型: 研究性论文

收稿日期: 2025-09-12

接收日期: 2025-09-24

出版日期: 2025-09-28

1　引言

现代土木工程领域中，混凝土作为最基础且应用最广泛的建筑材料，其性能的优劣直接关系到工程结构的安全性、耐久性及经济性^[1-3]。混凝土起源可以追溯到公元前7000年^[4]。19世纪20年代，波特兰水泥(PC)普及后，传统混凝土形成标准化配方，但存在低强度、高脆性和耐久性差的缺陷，导致高层建筑需庞大截面、海洋工程易因钢筋锈蚀失效^[5]。20世纪中叶，高强混凝土(HSC)以提升强度为目标，通过萘系减水剂、高压蒸养和硅灰掺合料将强度提升至50MPa以上，成功用于超高层与大跨桥梁，但高收缩、高水化热致早期开裂且脆性仍然存在，仍需厚实配筋^[6]。20世纪90年代，高性能混凝土(HPC)以耐久性为核心，采用聚羧酸减水剂、最大密实度理论优化级配和硅灰+粉煤灰复合掺合料，实现低水胶比(w/b≤0.35)与高性能(强度、耐久性、工作性等)，但高收缩和界面过渡区(Interface transition zone，简称ITZ)薄弱仍限制其长期性能^[7-10]。21世纪初，UHPC以超细粉末和细骨料构建紧密堆积基体(w/b=0.15~0.25)，实现超高抗压强度(>120MPa)，抗拉强度超5MPa(为传统混凝土2.6至6.5倍)，其优异机械性能使其以传统混凝土1/2至1/3的重量即可满足结构设计需求^[11,12]。然而，UHPC早期水化缓慢，极低的w/b导致水化热显著，引发温度梯度裂缝，且致密结构限制散热使温升加剧，而作为增强相的钢纤维掺入更进一步复杂化了UHPC的热学行为^[13,14]。由此可见，混凝土材料的发展历程是一个不断突破单一性能瓶颈、追求多目标协同优化的动态演进过程。从传统混凝土到高强混凝土，再到高性能混凝土，直至超高性能混凝土，每一次技术革新都在特定性能维度上取得突破，但同时也暴露出新的性能矛盾与工程挑战。

随着工程实践的不断发展，对混凝土材料的要求已不再局限于单一的性能指标，而是逐渐向强度、耐久性(包括抗渗性、抗冻性、体积稳定性等关联性能)、工作性、经济性与环境友好性等多目标协同优化的方向转变^[15-19]。这种转变深刻反映了工程实践对材料综合性能日益精细化的需求，同时也对混凝土技术提出了新的挑战。然而，在实际工程中混凝土各项关键性能参数之间往往存在着深刻的、此消彼长的内在矛盾。追求某项性能的极致提升，几乎必然以牺牲其他性能或显著增加资源投入为代价^[19,20]。因此，在所有性能维度上均达到最优的混凝土，实际上难以实现。混凝土性能调控的核心科学，绝非不切实际地追求面面俱到的“完美”，而是在透彻理解材料内在规律与具体工程实际约束条件的基础上，于相互制约甚至冲突的性能维度间进行精准的权衡、动态的平衡与智慧的妥协，最终配制出最契合特定工程场景核心需求的混凝土解决方案。这一复杂的调控过程，必须系统性地把握其组成、结构、工艺三个紧密交织、互为因果的关键层面，并在每一个决策环节深刻贯彻平衡思维。

因此，本文系统综述了现代混凝土多目标性能调控的研究进展，重点从组成设计、结构优化与工艺控制三个层面阐述了性能调控路径与方法，剖析了各层级之间的协同作用机制，并基于典型工程案例，论证了高性能混凝土在特定服役条件下的动态平衡本质。本文有助于深化对混凝土性能调控的系统认识，并为工程实践中材料设计与应用提供理论指导。

2　性能调控

2.1　组成调控

混凝土的组成是其性能的物质基础。作为典型的多相复合材料，其相组成(如图1)包括起胶结作用的水泥石连续相、承担骨架功能的骨料分散相，以及ITZ^[21-23,4]。水泥颗粒(范围从小于1微米到100微米)和更大的骨料颗粒之间存在尺寸差异，破坏了水泥颗粒的排列，导致“壁效应”，从而形成了ITZ^[22-28]。ITZ可以看作是混凝土的初始裂缝，是制约整体性能的关键^[29]。化学组成主要体现为胶凝体系的水化产物形态及孔隙液离子浓度，直接影响材料的化学稳定性^[4,30,31]。矿物组成(如表1所示)则涵盖水泥熟料的矿物组分、掺合料的活性组分及骨料的岩相特征，共同决定了材料的反应活性与长期体积稳定性^[4,32,33]。

图1　混凝土微观形貌示意图^[34]

Fig.1　Schematic view of the microscopic morphology of concrete^[34]

表1　混凝土矿物组成及主要特征

Table 1　Mineral composition and main characteristics of concrete

图2　水灰比对水泥浆断裂应力和断裂能的影响(a)单颗粒(b)双颗粒^[35]

Fig.2　Effect of water-cement ratio on fracture stress and fracture energy of (a)single particle (b)double particle^[35]

水胶比(W/B)是组成调控的核心参数^[36,37]。如图2，降低W/B能显著提升强度与耐久性，现代高效减水剂通过分散水泥颗粒实现低水胶比下的可施工性^[38]。然而，过低的W/B导致显著的水化放热效应，增加收缩开裂风险^[5,13]。拌和物黏度的剧增带来工作性恶化，同时材料成本有所提高。此外，减水剂的种类、掺量、与水泥的相容性及坍落度损失问题仍需注意。

矿物掺合料的应用深刻体现平衡。矿物掺合料能显著增强混凝土固化及抗氯离子侵入能力，但过量掺加会降低水泥基复合材料碱度，破坏钢筋表面钝化膜稳定性，加速钢筋锈蚀，降低结构耐久性^[5]。粉煤灰改善工作性并降低水化热，但延缓早期强度发展^[19];矿渣粉提升长期抗氯离子渗透性，却减缓凝结速率^[39];硅灰可大幅提高密实度与早强，但显著增加需水量与材料成本^[40,41]。ITZ的强化依赖于低W/B与矿物掺合料的协同作用，其技术成本已被纳入整体性能平衡体系。

骨料选择同样需要综合权衡^[4,42]。卵石骨料流动性好而黏结力差，碎石骨料则相反^[4];级配优化提高密实度与经济性，但极致级配增加生产成本;机制砂增强机械咬合，但石粉含量超过21%时，和易性和密度会降低，导致混凝土整体强度降低^[43];严格控制含泥量与氯离子等有害物质保障耐久性，但清洗处理增加资源消耗。

在混凝土的组成层面，没有一种外加剂或掺合料能做到完全的性能提升，因此我们只能根据工程需要选用合适的原料和外加剂，从而满足主要性能的要求，并在主要目标约束下对次要性能做出必要妥协。

2.2　工艺实施

工艺是实现性能目标的关键环节，也是多重约束下的妥协过程。配合比设计需遵循恒定用水量法则和最佳砂率两大原则。由强度计算值、耐久性限值及可施工工作性确定W/B;在早期强度要求、温控目标与长期性能间平衡矿物掺合料掺量。砂率选择需在黏聚性要求与经济性间取得平衡。试配过程即是对这些矛盾平衡点的实验验证。

施工工艺直接影响结构形成^[44,45]。良好的施工工艺可以降低混凝土的各向异性，使混凝土均匀密实^[44]。搅拌时间不足易导致匀质性劣化，过度搅拌则降低生产效率;浇筑时自由倾落高度超过2m引发骨料离析，防护措施延缓进度;钢筋密集区常需牺牲流动性或采用自密实混凝土，导致成本增加。振捣密实需把握临界点:欠振导致孔隙率>5%，过振引发浆骨分离(表层砂浆厚度>3mm)。真空脱水使表层水胶比降低0.05，耐磨性提高50%，但增加工序成本。

养护环节是短期投入与长期价值矛盾的集中凸显之处^[5,13]。规范要求普通混凝土湿养护≥7天，掺矿物掺合料需≥14天，然而在实际施工现场，人力紧张与工期紧迫的双重压力，常常致使养护时间被大幅压缩。与之形成鲜明对比的是，采用节水养生膜进行养护的混凝土，在抗开裂性能方面表现卓越。葛红斌^[46]研究发现，相较于采用土工布养护和养护剂养护的混凝土，节水养生膜养护下的混凝土单位总开裂面积分别降低了57.80%和69.52%，这一数据直观地展现了不同养护方式对混凝土质量的关键影响。因此，在实际工程应用中，必须高度重视混凝土养护方式的选择，严格遵循规范要求实施养护作业，以确保混凝土结构具备长期稳定的性能与良好的耐久性，保障建筑物的安全与正常使用。

在温度控制方面，规范同样有着严格且细致的要求。冬季施工时，必须确保混凝土在达到临界受冻强度(5MPa)之前，免受冻害的侵袭，以保障其内部结构的稳定性和强度发展;夏季施工时，则要严格控制混凝土的入模温度，使其不高于30℃，防止因温度过高导致混凝土内部产生过大的温度应力而引发开裂;对于大体积混凝土，还需采取更为复杂的温度控制措施，不仅要通过埋设冷却水管，以2~4L/min的通水量进行降温，同时还要配合保温养护措施，以有效控制混凝土内部的温度梯度，避免因温度变化过快过大而产生裂缝，确保大体积混凝土的整体质量和耐久性。

2.3　结构优化

混凝土的宏观性能直接取决于其细观结构特征。混凝土的SEM图像如图3所示。孔隙结构是核心调控对象，孔径分布深刻影响材料性能^[4,47]。减少有害孔及多害孔可提高强度与抗渗性，主要通过低W/B及硅灰的微填充效应实现^[5]。但对于严寒环境混凝土，必须引入引气剂形成直径10~300μm的封闭微气泡，以阻断毛细孔通道抵抗冻胀破坏，代价是总孔隙率增加及5%~6%的绝对强度损失。

图3　通过SEM图像观察28d混凝土的微观结构形态^[48]

Fig.3　Microstructure morphology of concrete at 28d by SEM images^[48]

ITZ的强化是提升混凝土整体性能的微观关键。如前所述，ITZ是性能的短板。调控ITZ的核心策略首先是源头控制——降低水胶比。这直接减少了ITZ区域初始水灰比过高和水分向骨料表面迁移积聚的趋势，从源头上减少其薄弱性。矿物掺合料的引入在此扮演双重角色:其微细颗粒能直接填充ITZ区域的初始孔隙;更重要的是，其火山灰反应能消耗掉ITZ处富集的、粗大且黏结力弱的氢氧化钙晶体，代之以更致密、黏结力更强的C-S-H凝胶，从而显著改善ITZ的微观结构、力学性能和抗渗性。选择表面粗糙、洁净的骨料也有利于增强与水泥浆体的物理啮合。这需要组成设计与工艺实施的协同作用。

微裂纹的萌生与发展是混凝土结构劣化的重要起点。微裂纹主要产生于界面过渡区(ITZ)和水泥石基体内部。除了上述强化ITZ的措施外，提高水泥石基体的韧性有助于抑制裂纹扩展。这可以通过掺入适量的纳米二氧化硅、碳纳米管、石墨烯等纳米填料来实现，它们改善的浆体结构和生成的C-S-H凝胶具有更好的变形能力^[5,49,50]。在严酷的体积变形约束条件下(如大体积混凝土、超长结构)，科学使用膨胀剂可以在硬化早期产生适度膨胀，在结构中建立微预应力，补偿部分收缩应力，从而抑制收缩裂缝的产生。纤维(钢纤维、合成纤维、玻璃纤维)的掺加是增强韧性、控制裂缝的主要手段。如图4所示，纤维能跨越微裂纹，通过桥联作用传递应力，显著提高混凝土的抗裂性、韧性(断裂能)和抗冲击性能，阻止微裂纹扩展成宏观裂缝，但也导致拌和物黏度激增，流动性下降30%以上，此外还面临着锈蚀、分解等耐久性问题。

图4　CNT/水泥复合材料中CNT束的裂纹桥联作用^[51]

Fig.4　Crack bridging of CNT bundles in a CNT/cement composite^[51]

3　工程实践的辩证平衡

典型案例有力地印证了工程调控的内在逻辑:大体积混凝土因其结构尺寸庞大、水泥用量可观以及水化热高度集中等特性，内部极易形成温度梯度，进而引发裂缝、泌水离析、强度分布不均等一系列问题^[52]。针对这一难题，三峡工程大胆创新，首创二次风冷骨料技术(如图5所示)。尽管该技术在经济性和施工效率方面做出了一定程度的让步，但却能将骨料的平均冷却终温精准控制在0~1℃的范围内，从而有效遏制了温度裂缝的产生^[53-55]。

图5　骨料二次风冷工艺流程图.1.高效空气冷却器;2.离心式鼓风机;3.一次风冷调节仓;4.轴流式鼓风机;5.高效空气冷却器;6.二次预冷仓^[54]

Fig.5　Process flow diagram for secondary air-cooling of aggregates:1.High efficiency air cooler;2.Centrifugal

blower;3.Primary air-cooling regulating chamber;4.Axial flow blower;5.High efficiency air cooler;6.Secondary pre-cooling chamber^[54]

港珠澳大桥所处的华南地区，面临着高温、高湿以及高盐的海洋腐蚀环境，为确保大桥能够达到120年的设计使用寿命，必须对氯离子扩散系数、水化热等关键指标进行严格把控。在沉管混凝土的配制过程中，掺入了25%的粉煤灰和30%的矿渣粉。虽然这一举措导致了混凝土早期强度有所损失，经济成本也有所增加，但却显著降低了胶凝材料体系的水化放热量，大幅延长了混凝土的开裂时间，降低了其开裂敏感性，极大地提升了混凝土的抗开裂性能^[56]。

这些案例证明:高性能的本质，是在工程核心需求(如结构安全、耐久性、功能性等关键要素)与次要矛盾(如经济性、施工效率)间构建动态平衡。在保障核心需求的前提下，次要矛盾可通过技术创新、材料优化等合理调整。这种平衡并非固定，会随技术进步、环境变化、要求提高而不断优化。它要求工程人员具备全局视野与系统思维，精准把握核心诉求，灵活应对次要因素，在复杂情境中科学决策，实现工程整体性能最优，为长期稳定运行与可持续发展筑牢根基。

4　总结

混凝土性能调控的本质是在多重约束下寻求特定工程的最优解。强度提升常牺牲工作性，早强需求抵触温控目标，高密实与抗冻性存在本质冲突，纤维增韧导致流动性下降，极致耐久性伴随成本激增。理解强度与工作性、耐久性、体积稳定性与经济性之间的固有矛盾是调控前提。精准定义工程核心需求是决策基础。通过组成设计(胶凝体系优化、骨料选择)、结构调控(孔隙设计、纤维增韧)、工艺实施(精准配比、规范振捣、科学养护)三层面的系统干预，在主要目标约束下对次要性能做出必要妥协。高性能混凝土的本质是服务于特定工程核心需求的最优平衡态，其价值在于在材料矛盾网络中寻求最具工程理性的解决方案。这要求工程师基于材料科学认知与工程经验，在性能维度与资源约束间做出精准权衡，以实现结构全寿命周期的安全性与经济性统一。

利益冲突: 作者声明无利益冲突。

^[⑤] 通讯作者　Corresponding author:孙祥瑞，221027@mail.dlut.edu.cn
收稿日期:2025-09-12;　录用日期:2025-09-24;　发表日期:2025-09-28

参考文献(References)

[1] WANG L, FAN Y. Carbon sequestration technology in concrete: a review of mechanism, application and optimization strategy[J/OL]. Journal of Building Engineering, 2025, 102: 111862.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2025.111862.
[2] YAN Y, JIA G, LI Z, et al. “Smart” concrete based on microbially induced carbonate precipitation - A review[J/OL]. Construction and Building Materials, 2024, 451: 138904.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2024.138904.
[3] XIAO J, LIU H, DING T, et al. Rebar-free concrete construction: Concept, opportunities and challenges[J/OL]. Journal of Building Engineering, 2024, 86: 108933.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2024.108933.
[4] WANG X, DING S, DONG S, et al. Sustainable Development of Concrete: Tackling the Climate Change Crisis Caused by Carbon Emissions[J/OL]. Engineering Materials and Structures, 2022, 1(1): 1-14.
https://doi.org/10.48014/ems.20220728001.
[5] School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang University of Water Resources and Electric Power, WANG D, NUERAILI M, et al. A Review on Nano-Engineered Ultra-High Performance Cementitious Composites[J/OL]. Engineering Materials and Structures, 2024, 3(4): 46-66.
https://doi.org/10.48014/ems.20241230001.
[6] SIDHU A S, SIDDIQUE R. Review on effect of curing methods on high strength concrete[J/OL]. Construction and Building Materials, 2024, 438: 136858.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2024.136858.
[7] VIVEK D, ELANGO K S, GOKUL PRASATH K, et al. Mechanical and durability studies of high performance concrete(HPC)with nano-silica[J/OL]. Materials Today Proceedings, 2022, 52: 388-390.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2021.09.068.
[8] LIU J, CAI Y, SHI F, et al. Fracture analysis of highperformance concrete impacted by abrasive water jet[J/OL]. Powder Technology, 2025, 465: 121326.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.powtec.2025.121326.
[9] YIN W, LI X, SUN T, et al. Experimental investigation on the mechanical and rheological properties of high-performance concrete(HPC)incorporating sinking bead[J/OL]. Construction and Building Materials, 2020, 243: 118293.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.118293.
[10] CHEN X, ZHANG L, YU H, et al. Mechanical performance and durability evolution of high-performance concrete components exposed to western salt lake environment[J/OL]. Construction and Building Materials, 2025, 490: 142582.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2025.142582.
[11] YANG Z, ZHENG Z, XU P, et al. Effect of synthetic fibers on early and long-term performance of UHPC: a review[J/OL]. Journal of Building Engineering, 2025, 101: 111850.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2025.111850.
[12] PEI B, YAO H, YE M, et al. Experimental study on interfacial bond performance between normal strength concrete(NSC)and ultra-high-performance concrete(UHPC)[J/OL]. Construction and Building Materials, 2025, 502: 144478.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2025.144478.
[13] School of Civil Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, SHI S Y, DING S, et al. A Review of Thermal Properties of Ultra-High Performance Concrete[J/OL]. Engineering Materials and Structures, 2025, 4(2): 30-46.
https://doi.org/10.48014/ems.20250518001.
[14] LUO Z, ZHI T, LIU X, et al. Effects of different nanomaterials on the early performance of ultra-high performance concrete(UHPC): C-S-H seeds and nano-silica[J/OL]. Cement & Concrete Composites, 2023, 142: 105211.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2023.105211.
[15] DONG S, GU J, OUYANG X, et al. Enhancing mechanical properties, durability and multifunctionality of concrete structures via using ultra-high performance concrete layer: A review[J/OL]. Composites Part B: Engineering, 2025, 297: 112329.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2025.112329.
[16] RAMEZANI A, SHAFEI B. Advances in lightweight ultra-high performance concrete: Mixture requirements, strength characteristics, and durability properties[J/OL]. Journal of Building Engineering, 2025, 112: 113681.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2025.113681.
[17] BARBHUIYA S, DAS B B, RAJPUT A, et al. Structural performance and implementation challenges of nextgeneration concrete materials[J/OL]. Structures, 2025, 81: 110169.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.istruc.2025.110169.
[18] TAMOOR M, ZHANG C. Sustainable Geopolymer Concrete: A Comprehensive Lifecycle and Performance Assessment[J/OL]. Next Research, 2025: 100956.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nexres.2025.100956.
[19] LE T H, MAI D L, TA T H. Effects of fly ash and ground bottom ash from thermal power plants on workability, compressive strength and durability of high performance fine-grained concrete[J/OL]. Applications in Engineering Science, 2025, 24: 100261.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apples.2025.100261.
[20] SUN Z, XU B, YANG Z, et al. Resolving rheological dilemma in non-dispersible underwater concrete: Conflict between fluidity and anti-washout[J/OL]. Construction and Building Materials, 2025, 493: 143258.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2025.143258.
[21] ZHANG G Y, TIAN Y, TIAN Z S, et al. Role of ITZ and aggregates in concrete carbonation: Multiscale-coupled modeling and experimental validation[J/OL]. Journal of Building Engineering, 2025, 112: 113900.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2025.113900.
[22] XU W, FU J, HUA R, et al. ITZ volume fraction and thermal conductivity of concrete: A unified random packing model for gravels and crushed rocks[J/OL]. Journal of Building Engineering, 2024, 90: 109457.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2024.109457.
[23] HUA R, WU Y, JIANG J, et al. Mesomechanical insights into ITZ volume fraction around realistic-morphological aggregates and elastic properties of concrete[J/OL]. Construction and Building Materials, 2025, 489: 142428.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2025.142428.
[24] SHUANG N, CHEN B, LU X, et al. A chemo-transportdamage mesoscopic model quantifying the influence of ITZ for concrete under sulfate attack[J/OL]. Construction and Building Materials, 2025, 494: 143335.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2025.143335.
[25] PENG Z, XIONG Q xiang, ZHOU X, et al. A porositybased mechanics model for studying crack evolution from ITZ to mortar matrix in concrete[J/OL]. Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering, 2025, 444: 118085.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cma.2025.118085.
[26] YUAN S, WAN H, GAO L, et al. Bio-mineralization strengthened ITZ in solid waste-based recycled concrete: Enhanced mechanical properties and sulfate attack resistance[J/OL]. Structures, 2025, 80: 109957.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.istruc.2025.109957.
[27] ZHAO H, GAN Y, QU F, et al. Nano-and micro-characterisation on the heterogeneity of ITZs in recycled lump concrete[J/OL]. Cement and Concrete Composites, 2025, 161: 106078.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2025.106078.
[28] FU W, LI X, WANG P, et al. Improving the mechanical performance of concrete by graphene nanoplatelets(GNP)enrichment in the interfacial transition zone(ITZ)[J/OL]. Journal of Building Engineering, 2024, 90: 109373.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2024.109373.
[29] WANG Y, ZHANG W, WANG J, et al. Effects of coarse aggregate size on thickness and micro-properties of ITZ and the mechanical properties of concrete[J/OL]. Cement and Concrete Composites, 2024, 154: 105777.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2024.105777.
[30] XU Q, DING Q, ZHOU P, et al. Characterization of the microstructure for hydration products of various cements and the mechanism of radiation shielding effectiveness[J/OL]. Journal of Building Engineering, 2025, 114: 114322.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2025.114322.
[31] CHOUSIDIS N, IOANNOU I, RAKANTA E, et al. Effect of fly ash chemical composition on the reinforcement corrosion, thermal diffusion and strength of blended cement concretes[J/OL]. Construction and Building Materials, 2016, 126: 86-97.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.09.024.
[32] JÓZ'WIAK-NIEDZ'WIEDZKA D, GIBAS K, BRANDT A M, et al. Mineral Composition of Heavy Aggregates for Nuclear Shielding Concrete in Relation to Alkali-silica Reaction[J/OL]. Procedia Engineering, 2015, 108: 162-169.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2015.06.132.
[33] CAI K, WANG G, LI W, et al. Numerical simulation of concrete strength based on microstructure and mineral composition analysis using micro-CT and XRD technology[J/OL]. Construction and Building Materials, 2024, 432: 136505.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2024.136505.
[34] 何锦涛, 雷冬, 高子淇, 等. 混凝土界面过渡区力学性能 测试方法研究进展[J]. 实验力学, 2022, 37(6): 805-820.
[35] QIU Z, CHEN F, YU Y, et al. Effects of water-cement ratio and particle diameter on the mechanical properties of cement paste particles[J/OL]. Optics and Lasers in Engineering, 2025, 187: 108874.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optlaseng.2025.108874.
[36] ZHENG R, XIA J, LIU E, et al. A high water-cement ratio aerated concrete using carbon dioxide as the foaming agent: Mix design, pore structure and hydration products[J/OL]. Journal of Building Engineering, 2025, 108: 112926.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2025.112926.
[37] RAHAT M H H, DAVIS J Y, BRAND A S. Impact of water-to-cement ratios of repair mixes on the durability of concrete repair-substrate interfaces during freezethaw cycles[J/OL]. Journal of Building Engineering, 2025, 113: 114180.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2025.114180.
[38] SOSA M E, VILLAGRÁN ZACCARDI Y A, ZEGA C J. A critical review of the resulting effective water-to-cement ratio of fine recycled aggregate concrete[J/OL]. Construction and Building Materials, 2021, 313: 125536.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.125536.
[39] BEDDAA H, BEN FRAJ A, TAQUIN S, et al. Performance and leaching behavior of concrete incorporating electric arc furnace slag aggregates[J/OL]. Construction and Building Materials, 2025, 495: 143647.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2025.143647.
[40] SHARMA A, GARIA S, KALE R C. Performance of self compacting concrete modified with wollastonite fibre and silica fume[J/OL]. Construction and Building Materials, 2025, 497: 143932.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2025.143932.
[41] AZIZI M, SAMIMI K. Effect of silica fume on Selfcompacting Earth Concrete: Compressive strength, durability and microstructural studies[J/OL]. Construction and Building Materials, 2025, 472: 140815.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2025.140815.
[42] LIU X, LI H. Effects of aggregate size, shape, orientation, and volume fraction on the interfacial layers of concrete[J/OL]. Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, 2025, 673: 130721.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physa.2025.130721.
[43] WEI Y, FAN W, YI J, et al. Effect of manufactured sand on shrinkage and creep of concrete: Experimental investigation and mitigation strategies[J/OL]. Structures, 2025, 80: 109997.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.istruc.2025.109997.
[44] HAN B, YANG X, DAI L, et al. A case study on the construction technology of green durable polyurethane concrete for bridge deck pavement material[J/OL]. Construction and Building Materials, 2025, 460: 139720.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2024.139720.
[45] WANG X, LI W, GUO Y, et al. Concrete 3D printing technology for sustainable construction: A review on raw mate- rial, concrete type and performance[J/OL]. Developments in the Built Environment, 2024, 17: 100378.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dibe.2024.100378.
[46] GE H. Investigation on Surface Crack Resistance and Curing Measures of Airport Cement Concrete Pavement during Construction in Strong Wind and High Temperature Weather[J/OL]. Engineering Materials and Structures, 2022, 1(2): 24-34.
https://doi.org/10.48014/ems.20220727001.
[47] MELUGIRI SHANKARAMURTHY B, HASIUK F, WANG K, et al. Influence of coarse aggregate pore structure on the pore structure and water absorption of concrete[J/OL]. Construction and Building Materials, 2025, 491: 142751.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2025.142751.
[48] HU H, MA X, ZUO J, et al. Improvement of concrete performance through a ternary aggregate system: Microstructural insights into pore structure and ITZ characteristics[J/OL]. Cement and Concrete Composites, 2026, 166: 106388.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2025.106388.
[49] School of Civil Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, LI Z, YU F, et al. A Review of Graphene-Modified Ultra-High-Performance Concrete[J/OL]. Engineering Materials and Structures, 2025, 4(2): 5-29.
https://doi.org/10.48014/ems.20250317001.
[50] Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, DING S, WANG X, et al. Latest Research Progress on Nano-Engineered Concrete[J/OL]. Engineering Materials and Structures, 2023: 68-83.
https://doi.org/10.48014/emc.20230807001.
[51] SINGH N B, KALRA M, SAXENA S K. Nanoscience of Cement and Concrete[J/OL]. Materials Today: Proceedings, 2017, 4(4): 5478-5487.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2017.06.003.
[52] WU H, HU X, LIU J. Investigations of the hydration heat of large-volume precast concrete bent caps using layered pouring and a new temperature control measure[J/OL]. Case Studies in Construction Materials, 2024, 20: e03296.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cscm.2024.e03296.
[53] 陈斌. 三峡大坝二期工程混凝土生产质量控制[J/OL]. 企业技术开发, 2011, 30(11): 63-64.
https://doi.org/10.14165/j.cnki.hunansci.2011.11.067.
[54] 郑守仁, 孙志禹, 朱红兵. 三峡工程大体积混凝土施工技术[J/OL]. 中国科学:技术科学, 2017, 47(8): 796-804.
https://doi.org/10.1360/N092017-00096.
[55] 曹广晶. 三峡工程建设与我国水电技术进步[C]. 2010:125-129.
[56] 张宝兰, 李超, 刘行, 等. 港珠澳大桥沉管混凝土关键技术研究与应用[J]. 混凝土, 2020(1): 1-6.
https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1002-3550.2020.01.001

A Preliminary Analysis of Concrete Performance Control Methods

SUN Xiangrui

(School of Civil Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116000, China)

Abstract: This paper systematically discusses the dynamic interplay among multiple performance objectives— including workability, strength, durability, volume stability, economy, and environmental friendliness in modern concrete performance regulation, and proposes the performance-balance regulation theory as a scientific framework for resolving the core contradictions. Using a three-level model integrating composition, process, and structure, the performance evolution of concrete materials across multiple scales is revealed. At the composition level, the coupling regulation of microstructure and macroscopic performance was achieved through precise control of the water-cement ratio and optimization of multiple cementitious systems; At the process level, the materialization of performance targets is ensured through multi-objective decision-making of mix proportions, intelligent construction control, and full cycle maintenance strategies; At the structural level, key mechanisms of performance degradation can be addressed by strengthening the interface transition zone and optimizing the pore structure. Based on typical engineering cases, it is demonstrated that the essence of high-performance concrete is a dynamic equilibrium solution under specific engineering requirements: “Dynamic” refers to the different requirements for concrete performance in different engineering scenarios; The ‘balanced solution’ refers to finding the optimal balance point between the mutually constrained performance dimensions, so that the concrete material can meet the main performance requirements while making necessary compromises on the secondary performance, thereby achieving the unity of safety and economy throughout the entire life cycle of the structure.  

Keywords: Concrete, performance control, composition design, structural optimization, process control

DOI: 10.48014/ems.20251112001

Citation: SUN Xiangrui. A preliminary analysis of concrete performance control methods[J]. Engineering Materials and Structures 2025, 4(3): 82-91.