电-热超高性能混凝土:设计、制备与应用
(1. 河海大学材料科学与工程学院, 常州 213200
2. 古斯塔夫·埃菲尔大学材料与结构学院, 布格奈 44344
3. 大连理工大学建设工程学院, 大连 116024
4. 浙江水利水电学院建筑工程学院, 杭州 310018
5. 天津城建大学材料科学与工程学院, 天津 300384
6. 大连交通大学交通工程学院, 大连 116028
7. 天津大学建筑工程学院, 天津 300350
8. 大连理工大学建设工程学院, 大连116024)
摘要: 发展高性能与多功能混凝土已成为混凝土可持续发展的一个重要方向。其中, 具有电-热功能的混凝土在混凝土基础设施施工中的低温养护与热养护、交通基础设施的融雪化冰和室内与养殖场电热取暖以及电-热能存储建筑取暖等诸多领域具有广泛的应用前景。超高性能混凝土 (Ultra- high performance concrete, UHPC) 具备发展高导电性、导热性以及优异电-热性能的高性能与多功能混凝土的原材料组成“基因”, 但应用常规钢纤维制备的UHPC电导低而无法实现电-热功能。在此背景下, 本文系统综述了电-热UHPC的研究进展, 首先介绍了电-热UHPC设计/制备的方法及原理; 其次, 探讨了电-热UHPC在自养护、自加热及储能应用的相关方法及原理; 最后, 总结讨论了电-热UHPC的未来研究方向。该综述有助于丰富高性能与多功能/智能混凝土及相关理论, 并提高基础设施建造和使用/运营效率及安全性和舒适性, 同时实现节能降碳。
关键词: 超高性能混凝土, 电-热功能, 自养护, 自加热, 能量存储
引用格式: 于峰, 丁硕旋, 孙彤, 等. 电-热超高性能混凝土:设计、制备与应用[J]. 工程材料与结构, 2025, 4(4): 104-119.
文章类型: 综 述
收稿日期: 2025-12-03
接收日期: 2025-12-08
出版日期: 2025-12-28
1 引言
传统工程材料性能单一且既有性能提升趋缓,而材料的制备/加工资源-能源依赖性、制备/加工成本以及回收利用难度不断提高,材料性能的充分挖掘或拓展(如多功能/智能化、结构-功能一体化)已成为材料可持续发展的一个重要方向。混凝土是世界上用量最大的传统工程材料且在未来仍不可或缺,其主要作为结构材料,同时其大量生产和使用对资源、能源和环境影响巨大,是全球碳排放重要来源之一[1,2]。为应对这些挑战,混凝土需要向(超)高性能(即优异力学、耐久和加工性能等)与多功能/智能(包括电、电-热、自感知、自修复等)方向发展以维持其可持续性[3,4]。超高性能与多功能/智能混凝土因而成为“土木、水利与建筑工程领域”工程研究前沿方向之一(连续入选中国工程院《全球工程前沿》报告),并被世界各国/组织列入研发战略(包括中国自然基金委重大项目、美国交通部基础设施计划、欧盟第九研发框架计划等),同时也是支撑实现国家“双碳”战略目标的一个重要环节[5,6]。
电-热功能(即焦耳效应)不仅涉及电学和热学性能,也涉及电能向热能的转换,是混凝土多功能性中的一个重要方面。具有电-热功能的混凝土在混凝土基础设施施工中的低温养护与热养护、交通基础设施的融雪化冰和室内与养殖场电热取暖以及电-热能存储建筑取暖等诸多领域具有广泛的应用前景[7,8]。超高性能混凝土(Ultra-High Performance Concrete,UHPC)是一种具有均匀密实结构及超高强/韧性和耐久性的高性能纤维增强水泥基复合材料,其不含粗骨料且制备中使用钢纤维[9,10],因而具备了制备高导电性、导热性以及优异电-热性能的高性能多功能混凝土的原材料组成“基因”。但由于制备UHPC的常规钢纤维在UHPC内部形成广泛分布但是没有搭接互通形成导电通路,所以现有UHPC电导和热导低而无法实现电-热功能。
基于此,本文提出了通过微米级导电纤维复合UHPC与其内部钢纤维形成双重空间网络并产生体积排阻效应而连通协同导电,从而发展电-热UHPC及其自养护、自加热及储能应用的相关方法及原理。该综述对于发展高性能多功能UHPC及其相关理论,进而提高基础设施建造和使用/运营效率与舒适性,扩展量大面广混凝土基础设施的功能,从而直接或间接地减少资源和能源消耗及环境足迹(特别是碳足迹)具有重要的科研意义与工程应用价值。

图1 UHPC的配制原理[13,14]
Fig.1 Preparation principle of UHPC
2 电-热UHPC的设计与制备
2.1 传统UHPC的设计与制备
UHPC的配制原理是通过提高混凝土组分的细度和活性(使用磨细石英砂以及矿物掺合料)并采用热养护促进水化反应(图1),不使用粗骨料,采用超塑化剂保障低水胶比,改善水化产物的组成与结构(最核心特征是提高水化硅酸钙凝胶数量并减少氢氧化钙数量,提高水化产物中硅氧键比例并减少钙氧键比例),最大程度地减少复合材料内部的缺陷(孔隙与微裂缝),从而达到高均匀性和密实性以及强水泥基体-骨料界面结合[11,12];同时,UHPC的制备中采用钢纤维提高复合材料中金属键的比例而改善水泥基材料性脆易裂、抗拉性能低、抗冲击性差等天然不足[13,14]。基于上述机制,UHPC具有高性能特征,包括优异力学、耐久和工作性能(如表1所示),如其抗压强度高于150 MPa,约为普通混凝土的3倍以上,韧性是普通混凝土的300倍以上,而相同承载力的UHPC结构的自重仅为普通混凝土结构的1/3或1/2[15-17]。
表1 UHPC与普通混凝土的主要性能对比[18]
Table 1 Comparison of main performances between UHPC and ordinary concrete
|
性能指标 |
普通混凝土(NC) |
超高性能混凝土(UHPC) |
UHPC与NC的比较 |
|
抗压强度(MPa) |
20~50 |
120~230 |
~5倍 |
|
抗折强度(MPa) |
2~5 |
30~60 |
~10倍 |
|
弹性模量(GPa) |
30~40 |
40~60 |
~1.2倍 |
|
断裂韧性(kJ/m2) |
0.12 |
20~40 |
~200倍 |
|
徐变系数 |
1.3~2.1 |
0.29-0.31 |
~1/5 |
|
氯离子扩散系数(10-12 m2/s) |
1.1 |
0.02 |
~1/50 |
|
冻融剥落(g/cm2) |
>1000 |
7 |
~1/140 |
|
吸水特性(kg/m3) |
2.7 |
0.2 |
~1/13 |
|
磨耗系数 |
4 |
1.3 |
~1/3 |
|
抗压比强度(抗压强度/表观密度,kN·m/kg) |
12 |
48 |
~4倍 |
2.2 电-热UHPC的设计与制备
由以上介绍可知,钢纤维是UHPC制备的一种核心原材料,其不仅具有优异的力学性能,而且具有优异的导电和导热性能,并由于一维的空间形态效应可在UHPC内部形成广泛的分布;此外,UHPC制备不使用粗骨料,这可避免导电混凝土中导电通路被大尺寸骨料截断的问题[19,20]。所以,UHPC具备发展导电、导热以及电-热混凝土的原材料组成“基因”,而且UHPC的高致密结构和高性能特征有利于保障导电、导热以及电-热性能的长期稳定性。因此,应用UHPC有望发展高导电性、导热性以及优异电-热性能的超高性能与多功能混凝土。但研究表明应用不同种类的常规纤维(包括平直不锈钢纤维、镀铜直钢纤维、镀铜端钩纤维等)制备的UHPC的电阻性能,在纤维体积掺量1%~4%范围下UHPC不具有良好的导电性能(结果如图2)[21],这是由于钢纤维在UHPC内部形成广泛分布但是没有搭接互通形成导电通路,所以现有UHPC电导低且无法实现电-热功能。
增加钢纤维的掺量是提高UHPC导电性能的一种方法,但由于普通钢纤维、不锈钢纤维和镀铜钢纤维等毫米级纤维长径比低,小幅增加掺量无法在UHPC内部形成搭接互通的导电通路,而掺量增幅过大难以均匀分散,进而会对UHPC基体的密实性和工作性产生不利影响[22]。同时,由于上述现象是由于纤维尺寸导致的,在长径比类似的条件下,复合使用多种毫米级钢纤维对UHPC导电性能的改善效果也不显著[23]。
微/纳米填料因尺寸小在低掺量下即可形成广泛的空间网络,有望与UHPC内钢纤维复合形成双重空间导电网络。目前已有研究尝试使用纳米级导电填料(碳纳米管、纳米炭黑)和微米级导电粉末(镍粉、石墨粉)制备导电UHPC,具体总结如表2。由表2可见,掺加0.5%碳纳米管/3.0%纳米炭黑可使UHPC的电阻率降低至323/8990Ω·cm,但此电阻率水平仍无法使UHPC具备良好的电-热功能[24]。此外,碳纳米管和纳米炭黑分散性不好,易发生团聚,进而降低UHPC的工作性能和力学性能,当炭黑掺量为3.0%时UHPC抗拉强度低于8MPa[23],已不满足UHPC基本力学性能的要求。而掺加3.0%镍粉/石墨粉可分别将UHPC的电阻率降至14.94/15.22kΩ·cm[25],同样不足以实现良好的电-热功能。由于UHPC内部结构致密,上述所采用的纳米级导电填料和微米级导电粉末尺寸较小、易被水化产物包裹,所以难与钢纤维搭接成连通的导电网络,对UHPC导电性能没有较大幅度的提升。因此,利用纳米级导电填料和微米级粉末制备的UHPC无法在保证力学、耐久及工作性能的同时达到良好的电-热功能。

图2 不同种类常规毫米级纤维复合UHPC的电阻率[21]
Fig.2 Electrical resistivity of UHPC with different types of conventional millimeter sized fibers
表2 不同尺度导电填料与钢纤维复合UHPC的电阻率以及基本力学性能
Table 2 Electrical resistivity and basic mechanical properties of UHPC with conductive fillers of different scales and steel fibers
|
导电填料 |
填料尺度 |
导电填料 掺量(%) |
钢纤维掺量 (%) |
电阻率 (Ω·cm) |
抗压强度 (MPa) |
抗折强度 (MPa) |
参考文献 |
|
钢渣 |
毫米级 |
1.50 |
2.00 |
2.70×105 |
— |
13.30 |
Lee等 |
|
3.00 |
2.50×104 |
— |
15.80 |
||||
|
不锈钢纤维 |
毫米级 |
0.60 |
1.00×106 |
121.50 |
— |
Qiu等 |
|
|
1.20 |
9.70×105 |
128.00 |
— |
||||
|
镍粉 |
微米级 |
1.50 |
2.30×104 |
— |
13.40 |
Lee等 |
|
|
3.00 |
1.50×104 |
— |
12.20 |
||||
|
石墨粉 |
微米级 |
5.00 |
2.00×104 |
— |
15.50 |
Lee等 |
|
|
10.00 |
1.50×104 |
— |
12.10 |
||||
|
碳纳米管 |
纳米级 |
0 |
2.90×105 |
204.20 |
— |
Yoo等 |
|
|
0.10 |
— |
196.30 |
— |
||||
|
0.30 |
393.00 |
194.80 |
— |
||||
|
0.50 |
323.00 |
170.20 |
— |
||||
|
纳米炭黑 |
纳米级 |
1.50 |
13.00×103 |
— |
8.70 |
Lee等 |
|
|
3.00 |
9.00×103 |
— |
6.10 |
相比纳米级导电填料和微米级颗粒状导电填料,微米级导电纤维(如力学性能好、导电导热性能好、化学稳定性好而不会发生腐蚀、密度小的碳纤维[27-29],以及力学性能高、导电导热性能优异、不易被腐蚀的不锈钢微丝[30]等)具有微米级直径和毫米级长度而具有高长径比(即一维空间形态效应),所以易于在混凝土内部形成广泛的增强、导电、导热空间网络,并可与UHPC内的钢纤维网络形成双重空间网络并产生体积排阻效应(如图3),从而提高空间网络密度而搭接连通协同导电,进而赋予UHPC高电导和热导以及优异的电-热功能,同时有望提高UHPC的力学性能或降低UHPC中钢纤维的掺量而减轻UHPC的密度。

图3 复合微米级导电纤维的UHPC的双重空间网络及体积排阻效应示意图
Fig.3 Schematic diagram of dual spatial network and volume exclusion effect of UHPC with micrometer sized conductive fibers
3 电-热UHPC的应用
3.1 自养护
基于电-热UHPC的自养护(Self-curing),又被称为直接电养护(Direct electric curing)、欧姆加热养护(Ohmic heating curing)和电热养护(Electric thermal curing),是一种将电流作用于混凝土并利用电-热效应使混凝土自身发热养护的加速养护制度[31]。
随着现代混凝土基础设施的大规模建设,对缩短建造周期提出了更高的要求。养护是混凝土施工的重要环节,同时也是影响混凝土强度形成的关键因素,如何使混凝土快速达到施工设计强度不仅是提高施工效率的关键,也决定着混凝土服役性能[32]。此外,寒冷地区混凝土基础设施施工常面临因低温导致的混凝土强度发展缓慢以及早期冻害问题,因此需提高养护温度以加速水泥的水化进程,进而促进混凝土早期强度的快速形成[33]。因此,多种混凝土加速养护制度相继出现(如表3),主要包括蒸汽养护、微波养护和自养护。如表3所示,相较于蒸汽养护和微波养护,自养护只需在混凝土内合理布设电极并通电即可实现整体均匀发热,而且自养护是一种可利用清洁电能的体积加热方式,并可将电能100%转化为自养护所需热能,因此自养护具有加热均匀、能源利用效率高、成本低、低碳等显著优势[34-39]。
近年来,国内外学者对普通混凝土自养护开展了一系列研究(表4),主要聚焦在通过添加功能填料(如碳纤维、炭黑、石墨烯、碳纳米纤维、碳纳米管等)赋予普通混凝土的电-热功能,进而实现普通混凝土的自养护。自养护可有效缩短普通混凝土养护时间,对混凝土早期力学性能的提升效果与蒸汽养护基本相当,且明显优于标准养护。然而,现有自养护普通混凝土内部粗骨料会切断导电导热路径的连通性[19],导致自养护电压需求高、升温速率慢(图4),难以达到热养护所需的较高温度;随着水化进程的进行,混凝土的电阻逐渐升高,导致升温缓慢,峰值温度难以提升。同时,混凝土内部的粗骨料与水泥石基体的导热系数、热膨胀系数与弹性模量均不同,在普通混凝土使用自养护可能使内部界面过渡区在热应力作用下产生更多的裂纹(图4),从而对普通混凝土的力学和耐久性能产生不利影响[40]。UHPC不含粗骨料,可保证功能填料导电导热网络的完整性,同时粒径较小的骨料可减小界面内部的热应力。然而,UHPC制备中需要蒸汽热养护促进原材料的活性反应以实现其高性能(即高力学和耐久性能)的目的[40],而且UHPC在低温下施工也会影响其强度发展或不满足设计强度,同时基于电-热效应的自养护可以应用清洁能源(如太阳能发电、风电和水电等)代替化石能源。但目前针对UHPC自养护的研究还未有开展,因此,很有必要开展电-热UHPC的自养护应用研究,这对于保障UHPC的性能的充分实现、提高基础设施的建造速度、实现基础设施的低碳智能建造具有重要意义。
表3 混凝土加速养护制度类型及特点[34-39]
Table 3 Types and characteristics of accelerated curing of concrete
|
类型 |
蒸汽养护 |
微波养护 |
自养护 |
|
养护方法 |
将构件置于高温水蒸气中 |
将构件置于微波场中 |
将构件两侧布设电极并施加交流电 |
|
养护阶段 |
预养期、升温期、恒温期和降温期 |
||
|
热源及传热方式 |
高温水蒸气;热能从表面传递到内部 |
内部介质(水分子)损耗电磁能转化为热能;整体均匀加热 |
电热效应产生焦耳热;整体均匀加热 |
|
特点 |
√实现简单,技术成熟 ×仅表面加热,加热不均匀 ×污染高、能效低、成本高; ×热损伤导致长期强度倒缩和耐久性降低 |
√整体加热,温度场均匀 ×成本高,存在辐射安全问题 ×金属材料(如钢筋)会反射微波导致能量损失 |
√整体加热,温度场均匀 √低碳、能效高、成本低 ×需要混凝土的电阻率较低 |

图4 自养护对普通混凝土早期强度的影响[40]
Fig.4 Effect of self-curing on early strength of ordinary concrete
表4 自养护对混凝土峰值温度/升温时间/抗压强度/抗折强度的影响[34-39]
Table 4 Effect of self-curing on the peak temperature/heating time/compressive strength/flexural strength of concrete
|
导电填料 |
养护制度 |
功率/ 电压 |
电阻率 (Ω·cm) |
峰值温度 (℃)/升温 时间(min) |
对照组 |
抗压强度增幅 绝对值(MPa)/ 相对值(%) |
抗折强度增幅 绝对值(MPa)/ 相对值(%) |
参考文献 |
|
1.33%碳纤维 |
-20℃电养2d |
电压20- 90V |
— |
45/200 |
标准养护7d |
2.00/4.50 |
— |
Chen等[40] |
|
1%炭黑 |
电养1d |
电压90V |
— |
38/290 |
标准养护7d |
3.00/35.60 |
— |
Cinar等[41] |
|
2%炭黑 |
55/300 |
3.30/44.80 |
— |
|||||
|
3%炭黑 |
53/325 |
4.50/81.10 |
— |
|||||
|
2.2%石墨烯 纳米片 |
-20℃电养12h |
电压40V |
100.8 |
60/150 |
标准养护12h |
5.70/31.10 |
1.1/36.70 |
Liu等[42] |
|
2.5%钢纤维+1.0% 石墨烯纳米片 |
-20℃电养0.5d+ 标准养护1.5d |
功率30W |
— |
75/90 |
标准养护2d |
17.10/23.10 |
3.50/30.20 |
Zhou等[43] |
|
2%碳纤维 |
-20℃电养12h |
电压24V |
36.30 |
60/180 |
标准养护12h |
26.00/1529 |
5.50/917 |
Liu等[44] |
|
2%碳纤维 |
电养3d |
功率20W |
8.00 |
73/290 |
蒸汽养护3d |
3.50/4.40 |
0.30/1.80 |
Liu等[45] |
|
标准养护3d |
16.50/4.40 |
5.00/41.70 |
||||||
|
1%碳纤维 |
-20℃电养2d |
功率30W |
4.50 |
67/240 |
标准养护3d |
7.40/20.20 |
3.10/37.00 |
Tian等[46] |
|
0.6%多壁碳纳米管 |
电养1d |
电压30V |
543.70 |
57/340 |
标准养护1d |
14.00/52.80 |
— |
Kim等[47] |
|
0.75%碳纤维+0.2% 碳纳米纤维 |
-20℃电养2d |
功率30W |
13.70 |
63/120 |
标准养护2d |
10.70/27.80 |
2.30/24.20 |
Liu等[48] |
|
1.5%碳纤维+0.5% 碳纳米纤维 |
电养3h |
功率50W |
67.00 |
177/60 |
室温养护3d |
32.30/44.70 |
4.20/30.80 |
Tian等[49] |
|
蒸汽养护3d |
1.10/1.10 |
1.40/8.50 |
3.2 自加热
基于电-热UHPC的自加热(Self-heating),又称电阻加热(Resistance-heating)或焦耳加热(Joule-heating),是指电流通过电阻体时由于电流热效应在电阻上消耗的电能被转化为热能的现象。
在我国北方地区与部分南方地区,交通基础设施除冰雪和大规模人居及工业取暖都是至关重要的保障任务[24]。目前交通基础设施除冰雪的措施包括主动和被动措施两大类,包括人工清扫、机械铲除[24]、撒布除冰盐(液)[51]、布设多功能路面涂层[53-55]、预埋加热管[56-59]和应用自加热混凝土[60-63]等,各种措施具体特点如表5所示。由表5可见,相对于其他方法或技术[50-59],使用自加热混凝土工作效率高且无污染,在保证结构力学和耐久性能的同时能快速消除冰雪对交通基础设施运营的影响;同时紧急情况下能与人工或机械除冰雪的方式相结合(即在自加热后使冰雪与交通基础设施表面脱离即可轻松迅速铲除),因此应用自加热混凝土是十分有前景的交通基础设施除冰雪方法(其结构及应用示意如图5)[60-63]。
表5 交通基础设施除冰雪措施及其特点
Table 5 Methods and characteristics of snow and ice removal in transportation infrastructure
|
措施类别 |
具体措施 |
特点 |
|
被动措施 |
人工清扫 |
效果好,效率低、耗时久 |
|
|
机械铲除 |
效率高,需要特种设备、成本高 |
|
|
撒布除冰盐(液) |
方便快捷,污染环境、腐蚀混凝土、回收成本高 |
|
主动措施 |
铺设(超)疏水层 |
延缓结冰、提高路面抗滑能力,成本高、易损坏、难以规模应用 |
|
|
自加热涂层 |
造价低,涂层易受损、削弱结构强度 |
|
|
预埋加热管 |
发热快,需中断交通施工、加热不均匀 |
|
|
自加热混凝土 |
发热均匀、效率高、无污染 |
目前大规模人居及工业取暖多使用化石能源直接供暖,其缺点是需要额外铺设管道或使用专业取暖设备,且多为点放射热源,加热部位单一、温度不均匀,无法实现建筑整体均匀供暖。此外,化石能源的过度使用不仅会产生大量二氧化碳而加剧气候变暖,同时还会使能源问题进一步恶化。由于混凝土是建设交通基础设施和人居及工业建筑建设的最主要材料,其应用量大面广;而且清洁能源(如水电、太阳能发电、风电等)的迅速发展和广泛应用也为自加热混凝土的使用提供了有力支撑,从而可减少化石能源的使用、降低碳排放、缓解能源危机。因此,自加热混凝土有望为交通基础设施除冰雪及保障大规模人居及工业取暖的高效能和低碳排放提供有效解决方案。
传统自加热混凝土主要使用碳纤维、镍粉、碳纳米管等功能填料单掺或石墨与钢纤维、炭黑与碳纤维复掺等方法制备,代表性的自加热混凝土的性能参数如表6所示。由表6可知,传统单一功能填料自加热混凝土有着诸多缺点,如自加热碳纤维混凝土因其导电性不佳,所以加热速率慢、能量利用率低[60];自加热镍粉混凝土虽加热速率快,但低掺量镍粉无法有效提高混凝土的导电性,高掺量镍粉又会导致自加热混凝土制备成本较高[63];碳纳米管低掺量下无法有效提高混凝土导电性,而高掺量又存在分散性不好、成本较高等缺点[64]。此外,使用复掺方法制备的自加热混凝土性能也不够优异,如石墨和钢纤维复掺的自加热混凝土加热速率较慢、能量利用率甚至不足20%[65];因颗粒状炭黑无法与碳纤维构成协同导电网络,导致混凝土在高面积功率下仍无法实现快速自加热,并且高掺量填料还会引起混凝土强度和工作性降低[66]。
从上述研究现状分析可知,以普通混凝土为基体发展的自加热混凝土难以在低掺量下平衡自加热速率、能量利用率和制备成本,这是因为普通混凝土结构不致密、内部缺陷多,且粗骨料的存在会截断内部导电通路且阻碍热能的传递,同时自加热性能的长期稳定性由于普通混凝土的微观结构特点并耐久性不够好而不易得到保证。而UHPC中不含粗骨料、结构缺陷少,对导电通路的建立和热能的传递影响小,因此,如果UHPC拥有电-热性能具有自加热性能,上述问题可以得到解决,但目前未见UHPC自加热研究方面的报道。开展电-热UHPC的自养护应用研究,有望在低加载功率下实现交通基础设施的快速除冰雪,并用于人居及工业建筑温度的均匀稳定调控,同时可应用清洁能源进行供电,所以对于提高交通基础设施交通安全和运营效率及实现低碳高效的人居与工业取暖具有重要意义。

图5 自加热混凝土(ECON layer)示意图[60]
Fig.5 Schematic diagram of self-heating concrete(ECON layer)
表6 代表性自加热混凝土的性能参数
Table 6 Performance parameters of representative self-heating concrete
|
功能填料 |
掺量 |
面积功率(W/m2) |
自加热速率(℃/min) |
能量利用率(%) |
参考文献 |
|
碳纤维 |
0.75% |
1270 |
0.25 |
50 |
Sassani等[60] |
|
镍粉 |
12% |
10996 |
63 |
- |
Zhang等 |
|
碳纳米管 |
2% |
2937 |
7.98 |
- |
Kim等 |
|
石墨、钢纤维 |
5%石墨+8%钢纤维 |
526 |
0.07 |
19.30 |
Hong等 |
|
炭黑、碳纤维 |
0.4%碳纤维+0.8%炭黑 |
8247 |
1.60 |
- |
Gwon等 |
3.3 能量存储
基于电-热UHPC的能量存储(Energy storage)即电热存储(Electrothermal storage),是指将电流通过电阻体时产生的热能存储至储能介质中。
气候变化和能源危机是当今世界面临的两大难题,而我国幅员辽阔和人口众多,这两方面的问题尤为突出。仅2021—2022两年间,由于电煤紧张,我国经历3次大规模限电,其中以东北地区尤为突出。另外,预计到2030年我国建筑能耗将占全国总能耗的30%~40%[67],届时将超过工业能耗而成为能耗榜首。在建筑能耗中,供暖所消耗的能源占据很大一部分,所以降低建筑供暖能耗是降碳节能、实现我国双碳目标的重要途径之一。
由电-热UHPC自加热应用部分的介绍可知,常规建筑供暖方式依赖于化石能源的燃烧或全天候的电力供应。过度使用化石能源会增加碳排放、加剧气候变化和能源危机[68];全天候供电的采暖方式一旦断电就难以保障建筑供暖,而社会用电又具有显著的潮汐特征:即峰值用电量大、易造成电网的重负荷甚至限电,而峰谷用电量小、常导致电能过剩和能源浪费[69]。此外,清洁发电技术的广泛应用也为建筑供暖提供了重要补充。然而由于电网搭建难度大、成本高,小规模清洁能源产生的电力难以并入电网,所以需要及时、原位利用,从而避免远距离传输造成的损耗以及高昂成本以多点分布式缓解社会电力供应紧张[70]。基于上述原因,通过电-热效应在电低谷期将过剩或低价且难以大规模存储的电能转换成热能存储在储能介质中,可在用电高峰实现断电情况下长时间平稳供热,从而平移电力需求相位、降低高峰供电压力、减少低峰电能浪费并最大程度保障日间工业和居民生活电量需求和供暖要求[71]。
现有用于建筑供暖的电-热储能技术主要包括:电磁储能系统[72]、热泵谷电储能技术[73]、蓄热式电锅炉[74]、电蓄热式暖气或地板[75-78]、电热线缆储能系统[79]和电热膜储能系统[80],其原理和特点及工作示意图分别如表7所示和图6(以电蓄热式地板为例)所示。但这些方法或技术存在成本高、发热不均及易损耗等缺点。
表7 现有用于建筑供暖的电-热储能技术及其特点
Table 7 Existing electric thermal energy storage technologies for building heating and their characteristics
|
电-热储能技术 |
电-热转换原理 |
储能介质 |
工作原理 |
缺点 |
|
电磁储能系统 |
电磁感应 |
空气 |
基于电磁感应,利用电流通过线圈产生的磁场将电能转化为热能并存储至空气热泵中进行储能与供暖 |
设备及线路搭建成本高、蓄热能力低、无法长时间稳定供暖 |
|
热泵谷电 储能技术 |
电阻加热 |
基于电阻加热原理将电能转化为热能存储至空气热泵中进行储能与供暖 |
前期投入大、工作效率受环境温度和目标温度温差影响大、大体积压缩机需要额外占用空间 |
|
|
蓄热式电锅炉 |
相变材料、水等 |
将储能介质集中存放在电锅炉中,基于电阻加热原理将电能转化为热能通过锅炉存储至储能介质中,然后泵入换热管道进行供暖 |
变压器负荷高、需要专用线路供电且需额外占用空间 |
|
|
电蓄热式 暖气或地板 |
将储能介质通过管道灌注或其他封装方式嵌入进电暖气或地板中,基于电阻加热原理将电能转化为热能存储至储能介质中进行供暖 |
需额外布设电阻加热组件,持续供热时间短 |
||
|
电热线缆 储能系统 |
利用合金电阻丝、碳纤维或其他电阻加热材料制备电热线缆,同时将储能介质封装进高热导的管道或容器中,电热线缆基于电阻加热原理将电能转化为热能并加热上述管道或容器将热能存储到储能介质中并供暖 |
需额外布设电热线缆、发热不均易引起局部过热和温差变形 |
||
|
电热膜 储能系统 |
红外加热 |
将金属载流条和贵金属及稀土元素制备的特殊油墨封装进半透明薄膜中,通电后产生远红外波,利用低温红外辐射加热储能介质,将电能转换为热能进行存储并供暖 |
电热膜成本高且易损、长期投入高、经济性差 |

图6 电蓄热式地板及其工作示意图[78]
Fig.6 Electric thermal storage floor and its working schematic diagram
根据电-热UHPC自加热应用部分介绍可知,混凝土作为工业与民用建筑建设的主体材料,密度高且热容大,其储能潜力巨大[81],但常规混凝土(包括传统UHPC),不具有电-热转换能力。所以,目前还没有应用电-热UHPC进行储能的相关研究。如果UHPC具有电-热功能,其整体发热均匀,且其优异的导热性能有利于快速的热存储;同时UHPC适合发展预制制品或装配式构件,因此结合UHPC的优异力学和耐久性能并采用有效的结构设计将封装能存储介质(如相变储能材料,水等)的组件嵌入至电-热UHPC地面、墙体、构件或制品内无需敷设额外的加热组件即可实现长期、高效、稳定的电-热能的储存以进行建筑供暖。因此,开展电-热UHPC的储能应用研究对于保障或提升人居环境的舒适性、充分应用能源并减少浪费以及减少碳排放具有重要意义。
4 结论与展望
4.1 结论
发展高性能与多功能/智能混凝土已成为混凝土可持续发展的一个重要方向。其中,具有电-热功能的混凝土在混凝土基础设施施工中的低温养护与热养护、交通基础设施的融雪化冰和室内与养殖场电热取暖以及电-热能存储建筑取暖等诸多领域具有广泛的应用前景。UHPC具备发展高导电性、导热性以及优异电-热性能的高性能与多功能混凝土的原材料组成“基因”,但应用常规钢纤维制备的UHPC电导低而无法实现电-热功能。实现电-热UHPC需遵循以下研究路径:首先通过微米级导电纤维复合UHPC以在其内部形成双重空间网络并产生体积排阻效应而提高网络密度,从而搭接联通协同导电、导热、增强,进而发展电-热UHPC;然后设计并集成电-热UHPC的自养护、自加热及储能系统,测试系统性能参数并进行性能评价及相关机理分析,从而获得电-热UHPC的自养护、自加热、及储能应用的相关方法及原理。
4.2 展望
在未来研究工作中,需重点关注以下方向:
(1)通过引入复合微米级导电纤维并通过机器学习辅助设计并研制出具有优异导电、导热、力学和耐久性能的电-热UHPC,建立相应的性能预测与设计方法,明确微米级导电纤维种类与掺量对电-热UHPC内部空间网络分布特征和体积排阻效应及性能的影响规律与机制。
(2)研究输入电压/功率对电-热UHPC在常温、低温条件下电-热性能的影响规律,明确自养护UHPC内部微观结构时变特征、力学强度指标及相互关系,建立自养护强度发展预测方法,进而发展出可满足常温环境下高温养护与低温环境下施工要求的UHPC自养护方法。
(3)研究输入电压/功率对电-热UHPC缩尺路/桥面板自加热和电学性能的影响规律,明确不同环境场下电-热UHPC缩尺路/桥面板的自加热和电学性能及其在真实环境下的长期融雪化冰性能,进而发展出基于电-热UHPC路/桥面的除冰雪方法。
(4)研究内嵌不同储热介质组件的电-热UHPC制品/构件的长期储能性能,明确基于电-热UHPC的储能墙体/地板系统的取暖效果与能耗,进而发展出基于数字孪生的电-热UHPC储能材料及其建筑采暖墙体/地板的性能设计与优化方法及采暖系统设计与应用方法。
通过上述研究,以期丰富超高性能与多功能/智能混凝土及相关理论,并提高基础设施建造和使用/运营效率及安全性和舒适性,同时实现节能降碳。
利益冲突: 作者声明无利益冲突。
[②] *通讯作者 Corresponding author:王欣悦,xinyuewang@tju.edu.cn;韩宝国,hanbaoguo@dlut.edu.cn
收稿日期:2025-12-03; 录用日期:2025-12-08; 发表日期:2025-12-28
基金项目:本项研究得到了国家自然科学基金项目(资助号:52578268,52308236,52368031)、全国建材行业重大科技攻关“揭榜挂帅”项目(资助号:2023JBGS10-02)、辽宁省自然联合基金(资助号:2023-BSBA-077)和中央高校基本科研业务费(资助号:DUT24GJ202)的资助。
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Electro-Thermal Ultra-High Performance Concrete: Design,Preparation,and Application
(1. School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hohai University, Changzhou 213200, China
2. Department of Materials and Structures, Gustave Eiffel University, Bouguenais 44344, France
3. School of Infrastructure Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
4. School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Hangzhou 310018 China
5. School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin Chengjian University, Tianjin 300384, China
6. School of Transportation Engineering, Dalian Jiaotong University, Dalian 116028, China
7. School of Civil Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
8. School of Infrastructure Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China)
Abstract: Developing high-performance and multifunctional/smart concrete has become an important direction for sustainable concrete development. Among these, concrete with electro-thermal functionality has broad application prospects in various fields, such as low-temperature curing and thermal curing in concrete infrastructure construction, snow and ice melting in transportation infrastructure, indoor and livestock-facility electric heating, and electro-thermal energy storage for building heating. Ultra-high-performance concrete ( UHPC) inherently possesses the raw-material “genes” needed for developing concrete with high electrical conductivity, high thermal conductivity, and excellent electro-thermal properties; however, UHPC incorporating conventional steel fibers exhibits low electrical conductivity and therefore cannot realize electro- thermal functionality. Against this background, this paper systematically reviews the research progress on electro-thermal UHPC. First, the design and preparation methods and underlying principles of electrothermal UHPC are introduced. Then, the mechanisms and application strategies of electro-thermal UHPC in self-curing, self-heating, and energy-storage systems are discussed. Finally, future research directions for electro-thermal UHPC are summarized. This review advances the understanding of high-performance and multifunctional/ smart concrete and related theories, and helps improve the efficiency, safety, and comfort of infrastructure construction and operation while contributing to energy conservation and carbon reduction.
Keywords: Ultra-high performance concrete, electro-thermal functionality, self-curing, self-heating, electrothermal energy storage
Citation: YU Feng, DING Shuoxuan, SUN Tong, et al. Electro-thermal ultra-high performance concrete: design, preparation, and application[J]. Engineering Materials and Structures 2025, 4(4): 104-119.