能源的存储与转化对当今社会发展、科学技术变革具有重要意义。电极和电解质材料作为储能器件的核心部件, 其发展直接影响着储能器件的关键性能。水凝胶材料性能优异, 可调控性高, 制备方法高效、多样、简便。其离子与电子导电性、力学特性、响应性、溶胀性等基本性能满足制备具有独特性能的电极或电解质材料的要求。此外, 水凝胶中独特的交联及三维网络结构也可以有效提高力学及电化学性能。本综述首先介绍水凝胶材料的基本情况、分类、可调控性能及制备方法。随后, 基于独特的物理化学特性及优异的结构, 本文对其应用于锂离子电池及超级电容器储能器件的发展做出介绍。最后, 本文提出水凝胶材料应用于可持续能源存储领域现有的挑战, 并对其未来发展趋势进行展望。

Energy storage and conversion are vital to societal development and scientific and technological advancements. Electrode and electrolyte, as the core components of energy storage devices, directly influence their key performance metrics. Hydrogel materials exhibit outstanding properties and tunability, and can be prepared through efficient, versatile, and straightforward methods. Their intrinsic characteristic——— including ionic and electronic conductivity, mechanical strength, responsiveness, and swelling behavior, make them ideal candidates for electrodes or electrolytes with tailored functionalities. Moreover, the unique cross-linking and three-dimensional network structure of hydrogels significantly enhances their mechanical robustness and electrochemical performance. This review first introduces the basic characteristics, classification, adjustable properties, and preparation methods of hydrogel materials. It then discusses their application in energy storage devices, including lithium-ion batteries and supercapacitors, highlighting their unique physicochemical properties and structural advantages. Finally, current challenges in hydrogel materials to sustainable energy storage are summarized, and future development prospects are outlined.