论学术自由的定义、界限及其合理性 - 一种基于哲学维度的考察

郭佳楠; GUO Jianan

doi:10.48014/tpcp.20240513001

论学术自由的定义、界限及其合理性 - 一种基于哲学维度的考察

Discussion on the Definition, Boundary and Rationality of Academic Freedom - A Philosophical Dimension Based Examination

中国教育学理论与实践 2024年第3卷第4期页码[160-175] 下载全文[1.1MB] [HTML]

摘要

学术自由是知识生产和科学研究的保障, 学术自由对于现代自由社会的进步与发展至关重要。通过分析以往研究, 从哲学视角对学术自由的定义、界限及其合理性进行新的解读和阐述, 就其定义而言, 学术自由是指学术主体在生活的知识领域不受其他个人或团体的任意支配, 并适当掌握自己在该领域的愿望与行动。就其界限而言, 学术自由应该保护相应的机构, 只要它们或其活动的特点是通常促进知识与理解力进步的实践活动。就其合理性而言, 学术自由是对社会生活的知识领域的适当考量。进一步地, 从个体主义对学术自由的合理性进行反思, 提出实现学术自由在于研究人员应使用可靠主义的方法论进行调查研究, 大学学术主体在自由学术研究中应该接受社会以及学界权威机构的严格审查, 保护旨在追求真理的教学机构, 从而为未来发展学术自由提供了理论指导意义和启发创新的实践意义。

Abstract

Academic freedom is the guarantee of knowledge production and scientific research. Academic freedom is essential for the progress and development of modern free society. By analyzing previous studies, this paper makes a new interpretation and explanation of the definition, boundaries and rationality of academic freedom from a philosophical perspective. In terms of its definition, academic freedom means that academic subjects are not arbitrarily dominated by other individuals or groups in the knowledge field of life, and they properly control their own wishes and actions in this field. In terms of its boundaries, academic freedom should protect the corresponding institutions as long as they or their activities are characterized by practical activities that generally promote the advancement of knowledge and understanding. In terms of its rationality, academic freedom is an appropriate consideration of the knowledge field of social life. Furthermore, from the perspective of individualism, the rationality of academic freedom is reflected, and it is proposed that the realization of academic freedom lies in the fact that researchers should use the methodology of reliability to conduct investigations and research, and university academic subjects should accept strict scrutiny from the society and the authoritative institutions of the academic community in free academic research, and protect teaching institutions that aim to pursue the truth, thus providing theoretical guidance and practical significance for inspiring innovation for the future development of academic freedom.

DOI

10.48014/tpcp.20240513001

文章类型

研究性论文

收稿日期

2024-05-13

接收日期

2024-08-17

出版日期

2024-12-28

关键词

学术自由, 合理性, 个体主义, 自由主义

Keywords

Academic freedom, rationality, individualism, liberalism

作者

郭佳楠

Author

GUO Jianan

所在单位

亚洲理工学院发展与可持续性学院, 空滦 12120, 泰国

Company

School of Development and Sustainability, Asian Institute of Technology, Kong luan 12120, Thailand

浏览量

218

下载量

参考文献

[1] 文森佐. 费罗内, 马涛, 曾允(译).启蒙观念史[M]. 北京: 商务印书馆, 2018: 17-19.
https://doi.org/1013916/jCnkiIssn1671-511x202205013.
[2] 刘文. 跨时代之思: 学术自由的理念、内涵与困境[J]. 黑龙江高教研究, 2017(5): 22-25.
https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1003-2614.2017.05.006.
[3] 范奇. 学术自由权的历史形态考辨与中国语境[J]. 中国人民大学教育学刊, 2017(02): 17-37.
[4] 中共中央马克思恩格斯列宁斯大林著作编译局. 马克思恩格斯文集(第二卷)[M]. 北京: 人民出版社, 2009: 53.
https://doi.org/10.15986/j.1008-7192.2015.04.001.
[5] 刘放桐. 现代西方哲学[M]. 北京: 人民出版社, 1998: 103.
https://doi.org/10.7065/MRAS.196909.0013.
[6] 洪堡, 林荣远(译). 论国家的作用[M]. 北京: 中国社会科学出版社, 1998: 156-160.
https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.0457-6241.2023.09.002.
[7] 迈克尔. 博兰尼, 冯银江, 李雪茹(译). 自由的逻辑[M]. 长春: 吉林人民出版社, 2002: 121-125.
https://doi.org/10.13300/j.cnki.hnwkxb.2022.03.008.
[8] LOUIS F. Academic Freedom and John Dewey[J]. The High School Journal, 1977(8):
https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2943774.
[9] ASHBY E, ANDERSON M. Autonomy and academic freedom in Britain and in english-speaking countries of tropical Africa[J]. Minerva, 1966, 4(3): 317-364.
https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01584631.
[10] JOANNA W. Academic Freedom in an Age of Conformity: Confronting the Fear of Knowledge[M]. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2016: 33-43.
https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137514790.
[11] J. B. 伯里, 宋桂煌(译). 思想自由史[M]. 长春: 吉林人民出版社, 2003: 52.
https://10.1177/0090591716676293.
[12] 董泽芳, 张继平, 张尧. 论王亚南的教学思想[J]. 现代大学教育, 2022, 38(04): 8-10.
https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1671-1610.2022.04.001.
[13] 邱斯纯, 涂怀京. 梅贻琦的大学教师观[J]. 中国人民大学教育学刊, 2020(03): 146-157.
https://doi.org/10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5560.1998.01.006.
[14] 陈志权, 易连云. 作为目的和手段的学术自由[J]. 现代大学教育, 2017(03): 7-13.
https://doi.org/10.6151/CERQ.2013.2102.02.
[15] LAUGHLIN J L. Academic Liberty[J]. Journal of Political Economy, 1906(14): 41.
https://doi.org/10.25593/978-3-96147-370-0.
[16] REBECCA M L. Curnalia, and Dorian Mermer, D. Renewing Our Commitment to Tenure, Academic Freedom, and Shared Governance to Navigate Challenges in Higher Education[J]. Review of Communication, 2008(18): 129.
https://doi.org/10.1080/15358593.2018.1438645.
[17] JAMES R F. Academic Freedom and Race: You Ought Not to Believe What You Think May Be True[J]. Journal of Criminal Justice, 2018(59): 128.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2017.05.010.
[18] BRIAN W. Freedom of Research Area in Academic Freedom [M ]. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2018: 102.
https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198791508.003.0006.
[19] STEPHEN F. Academic Freedom and the Choice of Teaching Methods[J]. Teaching in Higher Education, 2020(25): 117.
https://doi.org/10.1080/13562517.2019.1672149.
[20] EARL H. The Rights and Responsibilities Implied by Academic Freedom [J]. Personality and Individual Differences, 2010(49): 265.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2010.01.011.
[21] 张丽, 张雪军. 杜威论大学教育———教育原则、教师职前培训及学术自由[J]. 内江师范学院学报, 2023, 38(09): 87-93.
https://doi.org/10.13603/j.cnki.51-1621/z.2023.09.016.
[22] 龚春明, 张应全. 论杜威的教育本质思想及其思维五步法[J]. 齐齐哈尔大学学报(哲学社会科学版), 2023(07): 34-37.
https://doi.org/10.13971/j.cnki.cn23-1435/c.2023.07.007.
[23] LACKEY J. Academic Freedom[M]. New York: Routledge, 2018: 123, 116, 120.
https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198791508.001.0001.
[24] 约翰. 斯图尔特. 密尔, 顾肃(译).论自由[M]. 南京: 译林出版社, 2023: 57-63.
https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1009-4733.2014.06.027.
[25] 张铭雨, 张晟, 李子江. 美国学术自由的多重博弈: 以拉铁摩尔事件为中心的历史考察[J]. 东南学术, 2023(01): 235-245.
https://doi.org/10.13658/j.cnki.sar.2023.01.009.
[26] 王一雪. 开放获取中的学术自由的逻辑结构———以Plan S为例[J]. 自然辩证法研究, 2022, 38(10): 86-92.
https://doi.org/10.19484/j.cnki.1000-8934.2022.10.003.
[27] J. S. Taylor, ed. “Introduction, ” in Personal Autonomy: New Essays on Personal Autonomy and its Role inContemporary Moral Philosophy [M]. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006: 1.
https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511614194.
[28] 上海辞书出版社. 辞海[M]. 上海: 上海辞书出版社, 2019: 1729.
https://doi.org/10.7666/d.d211972.
[29] 蔡元培. 教育独立议[J]. 新教育杂志, 1922, 4(03): 5-10.
https://doi.org/10.6481/JTR.202008_13(2).02.
[30] 龚向和, 魏文松. 学术规范的功能定位、合理限度及其法律制度体系建构[J]. 中国高教研究, 2019(11): 69-76.
https://doi.org/10.16298/j.cnki.1004-3667.2019.11.12.
[31] 李晓郛, 周全. 学术自由权的规范内涵、内外界限及中国语境[J]. 海峡法学, 2020(4): 84-87.
https://doi.org/10.13316/j.cnki.jhem.20190228.
[32] MARK O. Two Concepts of Academic Liberty[J]. Philosophical Papers, 1979(8): 36.
https://doi.org/10.1080/05568647909506494.
[33] PINCOFFS E L. “Introduction, ” in The Concept ofAcademic Freedom[M]. Austin: University of TexasPress, 2014: 16.
https://doi.org/10.1080/13642987.2022.2152573.
[34] 姚荣. 重申学术自由的内在与外在界限[J]. 高校教育管理, 2019(2): 89.
https://doi.org/10.13316/j.cnki.jhem.20190228.010.
[35] 约翰·S·布鲁贝克, 徐辉, 张民选译. 高等教育哲学[M]. 杭州: 浙江教育出版社, 2001: 57-62.
https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1671-9468.2004.02.004.
[36] 邱艳萍. 论学术自由的理论价值与现实意义[J]. 现代教育科学, 2008(11): 32-35.
https://doi.org/10.12677/ACPP.2023.121001.
[37] 安涛, 周进. 学科与跨学科: 教育学发展的双重逻辑[J]. 教育理论与实践, 2019, 39(04): 3-6.
[38] 葛宇宁. 论学术自由[J]. 当代教育科学, 2016(01): 3-6.
https://doi.org/10.16160/j.cnki.tsxyxb.2016.04.008.
[39] LANGE L. Thinking Academic Freedom[J]. Arts & Humanitiesin Higher Education, 2016(15): 185, 174.
https://doi.org/10.1177/147402221561359.
[40] PHILIP P. Two Concepts of Free Speech[M]. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2018: 61, 82.
https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198791508.003.0004.
[41] ADAMS M M. Is There a“Safe Space”for AcademicFreedom? [M]. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2018: 36-60.
https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198791508.003.0003.
[42] JESPER A M. The Definition, Extent, and Justificationof Academic Freedom[J]. International Journal of AppliedPhilosophy, 2023(36): 2.
https://doi.org/10.5840/ijap2023710185.
[43] DURKHEIM E. L’individualisme et les Intellectuels inSteven Lukes[J]. Political Studies, 1969(17): 14-30.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9248.1969.tb00622.x.
[44] TAPIO P. Democracy and education: The critical citizenas an educational aim[M]. Helsinki: Suomalaisen Tiedeakatemia, 1995: 160, 164.
https://doi.org/10.5901/mjss.2014.v5n10p325.
[45] 中共中央马克思恩格斯列宁斯大林著作编译局. 1844年经济学哲学手稿[M]. 北京: 人民出版社, 2014: 201-205.
https://doi.org/10.12677/ACPP.2023.1211361.
[46] MARX K. Outline of the Criticism of Political Economy[EB/OL]. [2021-11-03](2023-08-30).
http://sites.middlebury.edu/econ0450f10/files/2010/08/Karl-Marx-grundrisse.pdf.
[47] IAN F. Marx and the New Individual[M]. London: Routledge, 2015: 202-207.
https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315715179.
[48] 中共中央马克思恩格斯列宁斯大林著作编译局. 马克思恩格斯全集: 第46卷[M]. 北京: 人民出版社, 2003: 55-60.
https://doi.org/10.12677/ACPP.2022.116322.
[49] MILL J. “On Liberty, ” in Essays on Politics and Society[M]. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1977: 258, 266, 271, 244.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-81780-1_1.
[50] GEORGE K. Democratic Individualism and its Critics[J]. Annual Review of Political Science, 2003(6): 275-305.
https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.polisci.6.121901.085719.
[51] 罗纳德. 德沃金, 刘丽君译. 自由的法[M]. 上海: 上海人民出版社, 2013: 253.
https://doi.org/10.19387/j.cnki.1009-0592.2020.03.001.
[52] BURKE E. Reflections on The Revolution in France[EB/OL]. [2021-03-11](2023-08-30).
http://socserv2.mcmaster.ca/econ/ugcm/3ll3/burke/revfrance.pdf.
[53] CAMBRIDGE UNICERSITY PRESS. Camb Dict of AmericanEnglish 2ed[M]. Cambridge: Cambridge UniversityPress, 2007: 55.
https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108553780.014.
[54] EBERHARD S A. Das allgemeine Verwaltungsrecht alsOrdnungsidee und System[M]. Heiderberg: Springer, 2004: 27.
https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-33899-3.
[55] 郝琦蕾, 袁秋丽, 苏华玲. 生态文明教育研究的回顾与反思[J]. 教育与教学研究, 2023, 37(01): 87-95.
https://doi.org/10.13627/j.cnki.cdjy.2023.01.005.
[56] 闵维方. 教育在促进高质量发展中的战略作用[J]. 教育与教学研究, 2023, 37(02): 1-14.
https://doi.org/10.13627/j.cnki.cdjy.20230109.001.
[57] 陈洪捷. 德国古典大学观及其对中国的影响[M]. 北京: 北京大学出版社, 2006: 32.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11516-021-0006-3.

引用本文

郭佳楠. 论学术自由的定义、界限及其合理性———一种基于哲学维度的考察[J]. 中国教育学理论与实践, 2024, 3(4): 160-175.

Citation

GUO Jianan. Discussion on the definition, boundary and rationality of academic freedom———a philosophical dimension based examination[J]. Theory and Practice of Chinese Pedagogy, 2024, 3(4): 160-175.